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Have We Forgotten the True Meaning of Labor Day?_我的网站
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Labor Day is a U.S. national holiday held the first Monday every September. Unlike most U.S. holidays, it is a strange celebration without rituals, except for shopping and barbecuing. For most people it simply marks the last weekend of summer and the start of the school year.
The holiday’s founders in the late 1800s envisioned something very different from what the day has become. The founders were looking for two things: a means of unifying union workers and a reduction in work time.
The first Labor Day occurred in 1882 in New York City under the direction of that city’s Central Labor Union.
In the 1800s, unions covered only a small fraction of workers and were balkanized and relatively weak. The goal of organizations like the Central Labor Union and more modern-day counterparts like the AFL-CIO was to bring many small unions together to achieve a critical mass and power. The organizers of the first Labor Day were interested in creating an event that brought different types of workers together to meet each other and recognize their common interests.
However, the organizers had a large problem: No government or company recognized the first Monday in September as a day off work. The issue was solved temporarily by declaring a one-day strike in the city. All striking workers were expected to march in a parade and then eat and drink at a giant picnic afterwards.
Why was Labor Day invented?
Labor Day came about because workers felt they were spending too many hours and days on the job.
In the 1830s, manufacturing workers were putting in 70-hour weeks on average. Sixty years later, in 1890, hours of work had dropped, although the average manufacturing worker still toiled in a factory 60 hours a week.
These long working hours caused many union organizers to focus on winning a shorter eight-hour work day. They also focused on getting workers more days off, such as the Labor Day holiday, and reducing the workweek to just six days.
These early organizers clearly won since the most recent data show that the average person working in manufacturing is employed for a bit over 40 hours a week and most people work only five days a week.
As the U.S. economy expanded beyond farming and basic manufacturing in the late 1800s and early 1900s, it became important for businesses to find consumers interested in buying the products and services being produced in ever greater amounts. Shortening the work week was one way of turning the working class into the consuming class.
The common misconception is that since Labor Day is a national holiday, everyone gets the day off. Nothing could be further from the truth.
While the first Labor Day was created by striking, the idea of a special holiday for workers was easy for politicians to support. It was easy because proclaiming a holiday, like Mother’s Day, costs legislators nothing and benefits them by currying favor with voters. In 1887, Oregon, Colorado, Massachusetts, New York and New Jersey all declared a special legal holiday in September to celebrate workers.
Within 12 years, half the states in the country recognized Labor Day as a holiday. It became a national holiday in June 1894 when President Grover Cleveland signed the Labor Day bill into law. While most people interpreted this as recognizing the day as a national vacation, Congress’ proclamation covers only federal employees. It is up to each state to declare its own legal holidays.
Moreover, proclaiming any day an official holiday means little, as an official holiday does not require private employers and even some government agencies to give their workers the day off. Many stores are open on Labor Day. Essential government services in protection and transportation continue to function, and even less essential programs like national parks are open. Because not everyone is given time off on Labor Day, union workers as recently as the 1930s were being urged to stage one-day strikes if their employer refused to give them the day off.
In the president’s annual Labor Day declaration last year, Obama encouraged Americans “to observe this day with appropriate programs, ceremonies and activities that honor the contributions and resilience of working Americans.”
The proclamation, however, does not officially declare that anyone gets time off.
Controversy: Militants and founders
Today most people in the U.S. think of Labor Day as a noncontroversial holiday.
The first controversy that people fought over was how militant workers should act on a day designed to honor workers. Communist, Marxist and socialist members of the trade union movement supported May 1 as an international day of demonstrations, street protests and even violence, which continues even today.
More moderate trade union members, however, advocated for a September Labor Day of parades and picnics. In the U.S., picnics, instead of street protests, won the day.
There is also dispute over who suggested the idea. The earliest history from the mid-1930s credits Peter J. McGuire, who founded the New York City Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners, in 1881 with suggesting a date that would fall “nearly midway between the Fourth of July and Thanksgiving” that “would publicly show the strength and esprit de corps of the trade and labor organizations.”
Later scholarship from the early 1970s makes an excellent case that Matthew Maguire, a representative from the Machinists Union, actually was the founder of Labor Day. However, because Matthew Maguire was seen as too radical, the more moderate Peter McGuire was given the credit.
Who actually came up with the idea will likely never be known, but you can vote online here to express your view.
Have we lost the spirit of Labor Day?
Today Labor Day is no longer about trade unionists marching down the street with banners and their tools of trade. Instead, it is a confused holiday with no associated rituals.
The original holiday was meant to handle a problem of long working hours and no time off. Although the battle over these issues would seem to have been won long ago, this issue is starting to come back with a vengeance, not for manufacturing workers but for highly skilled white-collar workers, many of whom are constantly connected to work.
If you work all the time and never really take a vacation, start a new ritual that honors the original spirit of Labor Day. Give yourself the day off. Don’t go in to work. Shut off your phone, computer and other electronic devices connecting you to your daily grind. Then go to a barbecue, like the original participants did over a century ago, and celebrate having at least one day off from work during the year!
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近日湖人媒体人Jovan Buha和前爵士跟队记者现76人记者Tony Jones录制了《Jovan Buha》播客，在最新更新的一期里，他们谈到湖人和凯斯勒的相关话题。
二 |
Buha：非常感谢你在百忙之中抽出时间，特别是76人这个休赛期非常忙碌。我想先聊聊你在爵士的报道经历，从湖人休赛期的头号引援凯斯勒开始。湖人显然在凯斯勒身上投入了巨大代价。
他们通过先签后换得到了他，送出了两个首轮签和两个首轮互换权。他们还与凯斯勒签下了一份4年1.3亿美元的合同，第四年带有球员选项。这是NBA历史上先签后换送出最多选秀资产的交易，也是给非全明星中锋开出的最大合同。当然，工资帽在上涨，合同金额也在增加，这也是原因之一。但在我们开始讨论凯斯勒之前，我的问题是，他真的是湖人所期望的那种球员吗？他值得湖人进行如此大规模的投资和押注吗？
爵士记者：我认为是的。我一直都非常看好凯斯勒。
三 | 我认为他有机会成为戈贝尔级别的防守者。这基本上意味着他能一个人撑起联盟前十的防守体系。
四 | 而这正是东契奇和里夫斯非常需要的。他们需要一个能守护禁区、真正封锁内线的球员。在另一端，他是一个真正的顺下终结者。顺下时他能吸引防守注意力，在挡拆中真正帮助到东契奇和里夫斯。具有讽刺意味的是，虽然他是拿着最高薪水的非全明星中锋，但我认为在这份合同期间的某个时刻，他会入选全明星阵容。我不认为他是那种年年都能进全明星的球员。但纵观他的职业生涯，他有机会成为三次全明星、五六次入选最佳防守阵容的球员，也许还能拿一次最佳防守球员。现在拿最佳防守球员可能很难了，因为文班亚马也在同一个联盟里。
五 |
但他是一个特别的防守者，我不认为爵士之外的人意识到了这一点。因为爵士过去四五年的处境，外界很难量化他的表现。但他确实是一个特别的防守者。他是联盟中为数不多的能用双手完成同等级别盖帽的球员之一。他是一个出色的篮板手，尤其是前场篮板手。人们觉得他运动能力不强，因为他跳得不高，但他下快攻的能力可能和联盟中除了文班亚马之外的任何中锋一样好。
六 | 他跑动真的很出色。而且他体型庞大。他身高2.16米，体重在113到118公斤之间。他懂得如何在攻防两端利用自己的身体优势。
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